[29] Wakefield's idea was for the Government to survey and sell the land at a rate that would maintain land values high enough to be unaffordable for labourers and journeymen. The largest fossil fuel power stations are the Torrens Island Power Station gas-fired plant operated by AGL Energy and the Pelican Point Power Station operated by Engie. [101], At the 2021 census, the most commonly nominated ancestries were: [102], Overseas-born Adelaideans composed 31.3% of the total population at the 2021 census. 7 News Adelaides new presenters Rosanna Mangiarelli and Will Goodings enjoyed a stunning success on their debut driving weeknight news, doubling the ratings of their nearest rival. The national fertility rate fell and immigration was reduced to a trickle. (Eds. Further west, the Lion Arts Centre is home to ACE Open, which showcases contemporary art; Dance Hub SA; and other studios and arts industry spaces. Adelaide holds an annual Christmas pageant, the world's largest Christmas parade. Study at Adelaide. Turtur won an Olympic gold medal for Australia in the 4000m team pursuit at the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics. Education forms an increasingly important part of the city's economy, with the South Australian Government and educational institutions attempting to position Adelaide as "Australia's education hub" and marketing it as a "Learning City. [citation needed], At the 2021 census, 1.7% of Adelaide's population identified as being Indigenous Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders. Adelaide is a great city for outdoor adventure. Temperature extremes range from -0.4C (31.4F), 8 June 1982 to 47.7C (117.9F), 24 January 2019. [125] The agency opened its in 2020. [128], As of November2015[update], Greater Adelaide had an unemployment rate of 7.4% with a youth unemployment rate of 15%. The Adelaide International 1 was one of three events played in Week 1 of the 2023 season, taking place alongside the United Cup and the Tata Open Maharashtra in Pune. Photographer Tracey Nearmy spotted a koala climbing down a tree in South Australia's Adelaide Hills on when temperatures reached 35-40C. Named in honour of Queen Adelaide, the city was founded in 1836 as the planned capital for the only freely-settled British province in Australia. The capital city of South Australia is simply enchanting, a treasure trove of shopping, fine arts, gastronomy and outdoor activity. Although its location away from Australia's east coast may make it easy to overlook, Adelaide's plethora of restaurants, bars, festivals and attractions more than justify a visit. [114] In 1968, the Jewish population of Adelaide numbered about 1,200;[115] in 2001, according to the Australian census, 979 persons declared themselves to be Jewish by religion. [70], Adelaide is a planned city, designed by the first Surveyor-General of South Australia, Colonel William Light. For two years, 1997 and 1998, Adelaide was represented in Australia's top level rugby league, after the New South Wales Rugby League had played a single game per season at the Adelaide Oval for five years starting in 1991. The Royal Adelaide Show is an annual agricultural show and state fair, established in 1839 and now a huge event held in the Adelaide Showground annually. This led to it being known as The City of Churches. Adelaide formerly had three horse racing venues. First popular in England after the reign (1830-37) of William IV and Queen Adelaide. This is acknowledged by the name of The Ghan, the passenger train operating between Adelaide, Alice Springs, and Darwin. Over time, the Adelaide Festival expanded to include Adelaide Writers' Week and WOMADelaide, and other separate festivals were established, such as the Adelaide Cabaret Festival (2002), the Adelaide Festival of Ideas (1999), the Adelaide Film Festival (2013), FEAST (1999, a queer culture), Tasting Australia (1997, a food and wine affair), and Illuminate Adelaide (2021). The city became noted for its progressivism as South Australia became the first Australian state or territory to decriminalise homosexuality between consenting adults in 1975. Adelaide is now heading straight uphill on the coattails of such newly popular sisters as Ava, Ada, and Audrey, and in the company of Adeline and Amelia. In accordance with the Australian Bureau of Statistics source, England, Scotland, The Australian Bureau of Statistics has stated that most who nominate "Australian" as their ancestry are part of the, Those who nominated their ancestry as "Australian Aboriginal". The rural area surrounding Adelaide was surveyed by Light in preparation to sell a total of over 405km2 (156sqmi) of land. The capital city of South Australia is simply enchanting, a treasure trove of shopping, fine arts, gastronomy and outdoor activity. The University of Adelaide, with 25,000 students,[151] is Australia's third-oldest university and a member of the leading "Group of Eight". The metropolitan area has a great range of options for public transport, driving, and walking. Find out what's on in Adelaide. Replay. A proposal in 2018 failed due to uncertainty as to the new name and leadership of the merged university. Founded in 2003, their home ground is Hindmarsh Stadium, which has a capacity of 17,000 and is one of the few purpose-built soccer stadia in Australia. The modern German form is Adelheid, famously the first name of Queen Adelaide, for whom many places throughout the former British Empire were named. Being centrally located on the Australian mainland, Adelaide forms a strategic transport hub for eastwest and northsouth routes. [193] In 2012, the industry came under scrutiny for allegedly reducing supply by shutting down generators during periods of peak demand to force prices up. New roads are not the only transport infrastructure developed to cope with the urban growth. Browse a selection of experiences with PureSA. So, you can experience Australia at its best. South Australia was charged with constructing Australia's Collins-class submarines and more recently the A$6billion contract to construct the Royal Australian Navy's new air-warfare destroyers. Of the 47 seats in the chamber, 34 seats (three-quarters of the legislature) are based in Adelaide, and two rural seats include Adelaide suburbs. From adal heid, via French Adlade. Expanding developments in the Adelaide Hills region led to the construction of the South Eastern Freeway to cope with growth, which has subsequently led to new developments and further improvements to that transport corridor. Increased media attention also revealed that in 2009 the state government had approved a 46% increase in retail prices to cover expected increases in the costs of generation while generation costs had in fact fallen 35% by 2012. Science Park (adjacent to Flinders University): Playford Capital. Snowfall in the metropolitan area is extremely rare, although light and sporadic falls in the nearby hills and at Mount Lofty occur during winter. The Titanium Security Arena has a capacity of 8,000 and is the largest purpose-built basketball stadium in Australia. The Rann government invested A$535million in a major upgrade of the Adelaide Oval to enable Australian Football League to be played in the city centre[49] and more than A$2 billion to build a new Royal Adelaide Hospital on land adjacent to the Adelaide Railway Station. Undergraduate students. (1995): Coastal and marine sequences. Adelaide has the lowest number of children (under-15-year-olds), who comprised 17.7% of the population, compared to the national average of 19.3%. Make your own history. Make your own history. In June 2021, The Economist ranked Adelaide the third most liveable city in the world, behind Auckland and Osaka. The main sports played professionally in Adelaide are Australian Rules football, association football (soccer), cricket, netball, and basketball. In 2020, it had a metropolitan population (including suburbs) of more than 1,376,601,[99] making it Australia's fifth-largest city. [71] Light successfully persisted with his choice of location against this initial opposition. [200][201][202] It is provided by Internode,[203] with infrastructure provided by outdoor Cisco WiFi N access points attached to the top of lighting poles, as well as inside cafes and businesses across the city. [72], The benefits of Light's design are numerous: Adelaide has had wide multi-lane roads from its beginning, an easily navigable cardinal direction grid layout and an expansive green ring around the city centre. [113] A synagogue was built in 1871, when 435 Jews lived in the city. You can visit the museums, attend some festivals, or just relax at some of the beaches that Adelaide has to offer you. Scholarships. Undergraduate students. The Mercury Cinema and the JamFactory ceramics and design gallery are just around the corner. [75][76], The Adelaide city centre was built on a grid plan, known as Light's Vision. [144] South Australia also has 24 schools that use International Baccalaureate programs as an alternative to the Australian Curriculum or SACE. First popular in England after the reign (1830-37) of William IV and Queen Adelaide. Adelaide is a place where you will find a lot of sites to explore and is even located quite close to many of the must-visit places in Australia. The French form is Adlade or Adlaide and Czech is Adla or Adlta. It is of Old German origin, and the meaning of Adelaide is "noble kind". World War II brought industrial stimulus and diversification to Adelaide under the Playford Government, which advocated Adelaide as a safe place for manufacturing due to its less vulnerable location. Parafield Airport served as Adelaide's main aerodrome until the opening of the Adelaide Airport in February 1955. Adelaide is home to a large proportion of Australia's defence industries, which contribute over A$1billion to South Australia's Gross State Product. [42] Adelaide enjoyed a postwar boom, entering a time of relative prosperity. International students. SA Power Networks distributes electricity to end users. This practical information on Adelaides public transport system will make moving around the city very simple. The Adelaide Botanic Gardens is being inundated with visitors with some reporting an hour-and-a-half wait to catch a glimpse or rather a whiff, of a corpse flower that bloomed at the weekend. The name Adelaide is girl's name of German origin meaning "noble, nobility". The University of Adelaide was ranked in the top 150 universities worldwide. ADELAIDE, Australia (AP) Italian cyclist Alberto Bettiol took advantage of an early start and dry course Tuesday to win the 5.5-kilometer time trial prologue at the Tour Down Under. Much of the original vegetation has been cleared with what is left to be found in reserves such as the Cleland National Park and Belair National Park. Three-day Adelaide Itinerary Adelaide Visitor Guide Download Best Restaurants in Adelaide Best Hotels in Adelaide 7 Hidden Bars to Discover Adelaide: a foodie city Top 5 Beaches in Adelaide International students. There are two other transmission sites at 25 Grenfell Street, Adelaide and Elizabeth Downs. [176] Until the completion of the 201214 renovation and upgrade of the Adelaide Oval, most large sporting events took place at either Football Park (the then home base of the Adelaide Crows, and the then Port Adelaide home game venue), or the historic Adelaide Oval, home of the South Australia Redbacks and the Adelaide Strikers cricket teams. [141][142] Adelaide is the birthplace of three Nobel laureates, more than any other Australian city: physicist William Lawrence Bragg and pathologists Howard Florey and Robin Warren, all of whom completed secondary and tertiary education at St Peter's College and the University of Adelaide. The Seven Network and Network Ten both own their Adelaide stations (SAS-7 and ADS-10 respectively). Drought and poor harvests from 1884 compounded the problems, with some families leaving for Western Australia. Although its location away from Australia's east coast may make it easy to overlook, Adelaide's plethora of restaurants, bars, festivals and attractions more than justify a visit. And is it the best way to describe Adelaide's climate? With the Festival, the Fringe, WOMADelaide, Writers' Week and the Adelaide 500 street motor racing event (along with evening music concerts) all happening in early March, the period became known colloquially as "Mad March". ), Belperio, A.P. Numerous former outlying villages and "country towns", as well as the satellite city of Elizabeth, have been enveloped by its suburban sprawl. Adelaide's water is supplied from its seven reservoirs: Mount Bold, Happy Valley, Myponga, Millbrook, Hope Valley, Little Para and South Para. George Gawler took over from Hindmarsh in late 1838 and, despite being under orders from the Select Committee on South Australia in Britain not to undertake any public works, promptly oversaw construction of a governor's house, the Adelaide Gaol, police barracks, a hospital, a customs house and a wharf at Port Adelaide. The "Afghan" community in Australia first became established in the 1860s when camels and their Pathan, Punjabi, Baluchi and Sindhi handlers began to be used to open up settlement in the continent's arid interior. Adelaide relies on its many reservoirs for water supply with the Happy Valley Reservoir supplying around 40% and the much larger Mount Bold Reservoir 10% of Adelaide's domestic requirements respectively. [37] Adelaide was not as badly hit as the larger gold-rush cities of Sydney and Melbourne, and silver and lead discoveries at Broken Hill provided some relief. Adelaide is a gateway to some of Australias best wine country and home to a bustling bar scene. [36], In 1860, the Thorndon Park reservoir was opened, finally providing an alternative water source to the now turbid River Torrens. [104], Suburbs including Newton, Payneham and Campbelltown in the east and Torrensville, West Lakes and Fulham to the west, have large Greek and Italian communities. [47] Adelaide's tallest building, completed in 2020, is called the Adelaidean and is located at 11 Frome Street. Stroll the botanic gardens Located in the heart of the city, the Adelaide Botanic Garden is a peaceful oasis. It is the oldest municipal authority in Australia and was established in 1840, when Adelaide and Australia's first mayor, James Hurtle Fisher, was elected. [146][147] Guardians are also able to apply for their child to be educated from home as long as they provide an education program which meets the same requirements as the Australian Curriculum as well as opportunities for social interaction. Things to Do in Adelaide Popular things to do Day Trips Wine Tastings Shopping Malls Full-day Tours 4WD Tours Parks Culinary Tour City Tours History Museums Half-day Tours Audio Guides Points of Interest & Landmarks Hiking Tours Climbing Gardens Mountain Bike Tours Overnight Tours Wineries & Vineyards Airport & Hotel Transfers Likely to Sell Out [140] In addition to the city's existing institutions, foreign institutions have been attracted to set up campuses to increase its attractiveness as an education hub. The number of Adelaideans with vocational qualifications (such as tradespersons) fell from 62.1% of the labour force in the 1991 census to 52.4% in the 2001 census. Adelaide's early history was marked by economic uncertainty and questionable leadership. So, you can experience Australia at its best. Adelaide as a girls' name is pronounced AD-a-layd. The largest are the Torrens and Onkaparinga catchments. In December 2018, the State and Federal Governments agreed to fund a $2m study to determine how the plant could be used to reduce reliance on river water, in an effort to help save the Murray River basin and mouth (including the Coorong) from further ecological damage.[199]. In Years 10 to 12, students study for the South Australian Certificate of Education (SACE). There are various amazing places to visit in Adelaide. Electricity generation comes from a range of technologies and operators. (Eds. The O-Bahn Busway is an example of a unique solution to Tea Tree Gully's transport woes in the 1980s. [34] Construction of Adelaide Gaol commenced in 1841.[35]. Adelaide's arts scene flourished in the 1960s and 1970s with the support of successive premiers from both major political parties. Why Go To Adelaide. [21], Within a few decades of European settlement of South Australia, Kaurna culture was almost completely destroyed; the last speaker of Kaurna language died in 1929. The demonym Adelaidean is used to denote the city and the residents of Adelaide. Replay. On 1 March 1954 at 3:40 am Adelaide experienced its largest recorded earthquake to date, with the epicentre 12km from the city centre at Darlington, and a reported magnitude of 5.6. In the five years March 2007 March 2012, prices increased by approx. [173] The two government-funded stations are run by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC South Australia) and the Special Broadcasting Service (SBS). The City of Adelaide is legally defined as the capital city of South Australia by the City of Adelaide Act 1998, which also provides for a Capital City Committee, setting out its structure, function and responsibilities. It was national champions in 2009 and plays its games at the IceArenA.[179]. Dewpoints in the summer typically range from 8 to 10C (46 to 50F). Lofty Ranges and catch a wave off the Fleurieu Peninsula. Adelaide is an easy city to get around. Adelaide combines exceptional food and wine, art, shopping, a bustling bar scene and world-class events. Why Go To Adelaide. Adelaide is bursting with culture, flavours, events and entertainment. [79] The use of precast concrete panels for floor and wall construction has also increased. DAB+ digital radio has been broadcasting in metropolitan Adelaide since 20 May 2009, and currently offers a choice of 41 stations all operated by the existing licensed radio broadcasters, which includes high-quality simulcast of all AM and FM stations. It was chosen by actress Katherine Heigl for the name of her second daughter. proclaimed the commencement of colonial government in South Australia on 28 December 1836, near The Old Gum Tree in what is now the suburb of Glenelg North. Monteath, P., Paul, M., & Martin, R. (2014): Tandanya National Aboriginal Cultural Institute, Australian residential architectural styles, Local government areas of South Australia, List of cities in Australia by population, Defence Science and Technology Organisation, The Alternative and Direct Investment Securities Association, South Australian Certificate of Education, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Department of the Premier and Cabinet (South Australia) Arts and culture, List of festivals in Australia South Australia, List of radio stations in Australia Adelaide, List of public transport routes in Adelaide, List of South Australian commercial icons, "Greater Adelaide (Greater Capital City Statistical Area)", "Great Circle Distance between ADELAIDE and MELBOURNE", "Great Circle Distance between ADELAIDE and CANBERRA", "Great Circle Distance between ADELAIDE and SYDNEY", "Great Circle Distance between ADELAIDE and Brisbane", "Great Circle Distance between ADELAIDE and Perth", SCD2018/001 - Kaurna Peoples Native Title Claim, "Adelaide named Australia's most liveable city, third in world", "A Kaurna burial, Salisbury, South Australia: Further evidence for complex late Holocene Aboriginal social systems in the Adelaide region", "Adelaide City Council Placenaming Initiatives", "City of Holdfast Bay Proclamation Day", Early Experiences of Colonial Life in South Australia, "Events in South Australian History 18341857", "History of Adelaide, Australia. Adelaide has a Mediterranean climate (Kppen climate classification: Csa). [dubious discuss] The first governor of South Australia, John Hindmarsh, clashed frequently with others, in particular the Resident Commissioner, James Hurtle Fisher. "Adelaide" may refer to either Greater Adelaide (including the Adelaide Hills) or the Adelaide city centre. & Preiss, W.V. A local Australian rules football league, the SANFL, is made up of 10 teams from around Adelaide. Adelaide is the heart of the world's opal industry, selling gorgeous stones from South Australian mines. The city was named after Queen Adelaide.[27]. Three-day Adelaide Itinerary Adelaide Visitor Guide Download Best Restaurants in Adelaide Best Hotels in Adelaide 7 Hidden Bars to Discover Adelaide: a foodie city Top 5 Beaches in Adelaide The area around modern-day Adelaide was originally inhabited by the Indigenous Kaurna people, one of many Aboriginal nations in South Australia. [198], The provision of water services is by the government-owned SA Water. [43] Shipbuilding was expanded at the nearby port of Whyalla. Noted rocker Jimmy Barnes (formerly lead vocalist with Cold Chisel) spent most of his youth in the northern suburb of Elizabeth. Until the post-war era, it was Australia's third most populated city. It was the first of consecutive ATP 250 tournaments held at Memorial Drive in Adelaide. The Adelaide International 1 was one of three events played in Week 1 of the 2023 season, taking place alongside the United Cup and the Tata Open Maharashtra in Pune. ), Sheard, M. J., & A. P. Belperio (1995): "Problem soils". The five largest groups of overseas-born were from England (5.7%), India (3.1%), Mainland China (1.8%), Vietnam (1.2%) and Italy (1.1%). Until the 1960s, most of the more substantial houses were built of red brick, though many front walls were of ornamental stone. The tournament has been held biennially over Australia's Queen's Birthday holiday weekend since 2010. Compared with Australia's other state capitals, Adelaide is growing at a rate similar to Sydney, Canberra, and Hobart (see List of cities in Australia by population). Frosts are occasional, with the most notable occurrences in 1908 and 1982. However, such arterial roads often experience traffic congestion as the city grows.[182]. Since then, Colorbond corrugated steel has dominated. Most precipitation falls in the winter months, leading to the suggestion that the climate be classified as a "cold monsoon". In 2017, the RAH was relocated from the city's East End to a new AU$2.3billion facility built over former railyards in the West End. [199], A sea-water desalination plant capable of supplying 100GL per annum was built during the 20012009 drought; however, it operated at about 8% of its capacity until 2019. These include the Adelaide Symphony Orchestra, the Adelaide Youth Orchestra, rock bands The Angels, Atlas Genius, Cold Chisel, The Superjesus, Wolf & Cub, roots/blues group The Audreys, internationally acclaimed metal acts I Killed The Prom Queen and Double Dragon, popular Australian hip-hop outfit Hilltop Hoods, pop acts like Sia, Orianthi, Guy Sebastian, and Wes Carr, as well as internationally successful tribute act, The Australian Pink Floyd Show. The name Adelaide is girl's name of German origin meaning "noble, nobility". ), Callan, R.A., Sheard, M.J., Benbow, M.C. Undergraduate students. The RAH also operates additional campuses for specialist care throughout the suburbs including the Hampstead Rehabilitation Centre (150 beds) at Northfield and the Glenside Campus (129 beds) for acute mental health services. Follow your passion and start the journey to fulfill your greatest ambitions. By 1891, 68% of houses were built of stone, 15% of timber, and 10% of brick, with brick also being widely used in stone houses for quoins, door and window surrounds, and chimneys and fireplaces. January 18, 2023 8.24am. South Australia also has wind and solar power and connections to the national grid. The government also invested more than A$2billion to build a desalination plant, powered by renewable energy, as an 'insurance policy' against droughts affecting Adelaide's water supply. [131] The Northern suburbs' unemployment rate is disproportionately higher than the other regions of Adelaide at 8.3%, while the East and South are lower than the Adelaide average at 4.9% and 5.0% respectively. These programs include the IB Primary Years Programme, the IB Middle Years Programme, and the IB Diploma Programme. There are usually several days in summer where the temperature reaches 40.0C (104.0F) or above; the frequency of these temperatures has been increasing in recent years. A bluestone villa, typical of the housing in Fitzroy. In: Drexel, J.F. The Foxtel pay TV service is also available via cable or satellite to the entire metropolitan area. In 2008, the SA Government announced plans for a network of transport-oriented developments across the Adelaide metropolitan area and purchased a 10 hectare industrial site at Bowden for $52.5 million as the first of these developments. Both teams play their home games at the Titanium Security Arena. It later returned to fortune under strong government leadership. South Australia became a self-governing colony in 1856 with the ratification of a new constitution by the British parliament. Study at Adelaide. As it was believed that in a colony of free settlers there would be little crime, no provision was made for a gaol in Colonel Light's 1837 plan. The median family income was $1,137 per week, compared with $1,171 nationally. [95], Adelaide, as the capital of South Australia, is the seat of the Government of South Australia as well as the bicameral Parliament of South Australia, which consists of the lower house known as the House of Assembly and the upper house known as the Legislative Council. Just 15 minutes drive from Adelaide Airport lies The Mayfair, Adelaide's premier five-star boutique hotel. Adelaide as a girls' name is pronounced AD-a-layd. Its population grew, and it became the third most populous metropolitan area in the country, after Sydney and Melbourne. Adelaide is situated on the Adelaide Plains north of the Fleurieu Peninsula, between the Gulf St Vincent in the west and the Mount Lofty Ranges in the east. Migrants from India and Sri Lanka have settled into inner suburban areas of Adelaide including the inner northern suburbs of Blair Athol, Kilburn and Enfield and the inner southern suburbs of Plympton, Park Holme and Kurralta Park. Much of Adelaide was bushland before British settlement, with some variation sandhills, swamps and marshlands were prevalent around the coast. The Adelaide Botanic Gardens is being inundated with visitors with some reporting an hour-and-a-half wait to catch a glimpse or rather a whiff, of a corpse flower that bloomed at the weekend. Aerial view of Victoria Square, one of the five main squares in the city centre and considered the heart of Adelaide's grid layout. The later Labor government elected under Don Dunstan shelved the plan, but allowed the purchased land to remain vacant, should the future need for freeways arise. The debt has more recently been reduced with the State Government once again receiving a AAA+ Credit Rating.[123]. [77], There is a wide variety in the styles of these houses. [108][109][110] But approximately 28% of the population expressed no religious affiliation in the 2011 Census, compared with the national average of 22.3%, making Adelaide one of Australia's least religious cities. The second of the events, the Adelaide International 2, will be played from 9-14 January. It is working to triple the size of the Australian space industry and create 20,000 new jobs by 2030.[126]. Adelaidians may remind you of their convict-free status and of the Kaurna Aboriginal heritage of this land but the stuffy, affluent origins of the 'City of Churches' did more to inhibit development than promote it. [39] International manufacturers like General Motors Holden and Chrysler[44] made use of these factories around the Adelaide area in suburbs like Elizabeth, completing its transformation from an agricultural service centre to a 20th-century motor city. 285% approx. [156] Many of the organisations involved in research tend to be geographically clustered throughout the Adelaide metropolitan area: The Mitchell Building and Bonython Hall, University of Adelaide, The Hawke Building, part of the UniSA, City West Campus, Flinders University buildings from the campus hills, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI). Adelaide is the English form of a Germanic given name, from the Old High German Adalheidis, meaning "noble natured". General elections are held every four years, the last being the 2022 South Australian state election. The Adelaide Metro consists of a contracted bus system including the O-Bahn Busway, 6 commuter rail lines (diesel and electric), and a small tram network operating between inner suburb Hindmarsh, the city centre, and seaside Glenelg. ElectraNet operates the high-voltage electricity transmission network. Mount Lofty, east of the Adelaide metropolitan region in the Adelaide Hills at an elevation of 727 metres (2,385ft), is the tallest point of the city and in the state south of Burra. In contrast, the winter has fairly reliable rainfall with June being the wettest month of the year, averaging around 80mm. Adelaide airport serves many international and domestic destinations including all Australian state capitals. [177] The Adelaide Rams were formed and played in the breakaway Super League (SL) competition in 1997 before moving to the new National Rugby League in 1998. Wakefield wrote about this under a pseudonym, purporting to be an Australian settler. (eds. [80] The city has hot, dry summers and cool winters with moderate rainfall. Wine and copper were the only industries not to suffer a downturn.[38]. 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