"The evolution of justice policy in the United States has been far from linear. What do I do now? "Increasing fines and fees, and sanctions for nonpayment, can have a particularly devastating effect on the lives of low-income offenders. The Defendants Pre-Trial Release and Conditions. Supervision should include curfews, with nightly telephone call check-ins and weekly office visits. ", "Pretrial diversion (PTD) is an alternative to prosecution which seeks to divert certain offenders from traditional criminal justice processing into a program of supervision and services administered by the U.S. Call us today at (609) 216-7400 to get a, Penalties & Costs of Drinking & Driving in NJ, Restraining Orders: TRO and FRO Laws in New Jersey, NJ Sex Crimes Sexual Assault & Harassment Laws, How Bail Works In NJ & Bail Reform Guidelines, New Jersey Child Pornography Defense Lawyers, Cyber Stalking and Cyber-Harassment in New Jersey, Traffic Offenses & Penalties in New Jersey. 2C:24-4(b)(3)); or, An attempt to commit any of the crimes listed above. Track pretrial outcomes, assess and monitor pretrial defendants, improve court appearance rates and report on outcomes as defined in USDOJ "Measuring What Matters" report. The U.S. Pretrial Services Agency for the District of New Jersey does not control or guarantee the accuracy, relevance, timeliness, or completeness of this outside information; nor does it control or guarantee the on-going availability, maintenance, or security of these Internet sites. 2C:35-4.1(b)); Strict liability for drug-induced deaths (N.J.S.A. To speak to one of our lawyers in a free consultation immediately, call 855-450-8310. The release recommendation of the pretrial services program obtained using a risk assessment instrument under N.J.S.A. If we can gain a better understanding of the effects of pretrial detention, even detention for relatively short periods (e.g., less than three days), policy regarding risk-based decisions can be informed. As an ally to communities of color, Bonta was driven to address the disparities created by the bail system. The two main pretrial outcomes that jurisdictions seekand the only two outcomes that can legally be considered when deciding whether to detain or release a person pretrialare to maximize court appearance and maximize community well-being and safety (i.e., minimize the likelihood of a persons rearrest). [1] 2A:162-15 . Infographic provided by The Law Offices of Jonathan F. Marshall, 82 Court Street Experience one iteration of the Public Safety Assessment (PSA) as it has been integrated into New Jersey's criminal legal pretrial proceedings, through our simulator below. ", ""There are people who can be safely managed in the community and the only reason they are not is they don't have any money whatsoever," says Washoe District Court Judge Elliott Sattler, who has administrative oversight responsibilities for the county's pretrial services. In most jurisdictions pretrial services programs operate at the county level. With the new bail system implemented in New Jersey, many changes have been made to the pre-trial detention system. This low adoption rate is due in large part to the fact that existing risk assessments require that information be collected through interviews with defendants. These rules are designed to aid in implementing pretrial best practices at the local level. The journal strives to bridge the gap between what has proven effective and what is often considered business as usual. All sureties used must be on the Clerk of Courts listing of approved sureties.Release with Conditions: In addition to the above-mentioned bonds, the Court may order pretrial supervision and reporting as a condition of release with bond. Some say thats unfair. The determination as to whether a charge is issued on a summons or a warrant is crucial to any defendant being charged. We will help you make decisions that serve your best interests and defend your rights. When the prosecutor files a motion for pretrial detention, the prosecutor is required to specify whether the application is based on the risk that: The Bail Reform Law provides a list of broad categories of information that a court may take into account in determining whether to order pretrial detention. You may contact your officer during off-hours. Generally speaking, risk assessments were created to address a predominantly male population. "It is likely during our first jobs in the justice system when we realize the adjective important is a somewhat relative term as it relates to the issues that we face. Police in America arrest millions of people each year, and the likelihood that arrest will lead to jail incarceration has increased steadily. The officer doesn't discuss the alleged offense or the defendant's guilt or innocence during the interview, or give the defendant legal advice or recommend an attorney. These links are provided for the user's convenience. This automated process produces a Public Safety Assessment (PSA) that provides three pretrial risk indicators: a six-point failure-to-appear (FTA) scale, a six-point new criminal activity (NCA) scale, and a new violent criminal activity (NVCA) flag. The AOCs pretrial services program will monitor released defendants to address the risks identified through the PSA. In some instances, though, the conditions of pre-trial release can be modified and made less restrictive. Prior to Jan. 1, 2017, every defendant had a constitutional right to pre-conviction, . Until recently, the dysfunctional bail process has not been at the forefront of the national discussion, even though the most common form of bail cash bonds or financial release produces jail overcrowding and fuels mass incarceration. Sections following an executive summary include: introduction; sample description; and findings for eight research questions regarding the relations between pretrial detention and sentencing. (Missouri Pretrial Best Practices, 2016). This collection of documents explains how the Nevada Pretrial Risk Assessment (NPR) was developed. But can data fix it? Pretrial detention is limited to only those charged with the most serious crimes and other specified circumstances such as violating conditions of, or committing a new crime while on pretrial release. See N.J.S.A. This includes notification of any traffic citations. "Significant legislative and constitutional improvements to New Jerseys pretrial justice system passed in 2014 and went into effect on January 1, 2017. Houston County Sheriffs investigators arrested Manuel on April 4, 2014, and charged him with six felony counts of unlawful possession of a controlled substance and felony obtain a controlled substance by fraud. "Collateral security means any property deposited, pledged, or encumbered to secure the performance of a bond. Electronic monitoring or home confinement 2C:12-1(b)); Disarming a law enforcement officer (N.J.S.A. State v. Robinson, 160 A.3d 1, 5 (N.J. 2017). Pretrial conferences in contested actions may be held in the discretion of the court either on its own motion or upon a party's written request. Rejecting the State's motion for pre-trial detention, the trial court ordered defendant's release on level 3+ pretrial monitoring, which included home detention without electronic monitoring. From 2012 to 2014, 261 new laws in 47 states addressed pretrial policy" (p. 1). Gloucester County Administration Building 2 South Broad Street PO Box 337 Woodbury, NJ 08096 Phone: 856-853-3200 If you or a loved one has been charged with an indictable crime that has resulted in a motion to detain in Hudson County (Jersey City), Monmouth County (Freehold), Burlington County (Mount Holly), Somerset County (Somerville), Camden County (Camden) or anywhere else in the state, our New Jersey criminal lawyers are ready to fight to obtain a release. PML2 requires once a month reporting in person and once a month by telephone. "Mustafa Willis was arrested for a crime he didn't commit. This paper examines the effectiveness of using different kinds of written reminders to reduce misdemeanants FTA rates. It also quantifies, from several different perspectives, the statistical results of CJR after one year of operation. In my opinion, that theory comes from a solid consensus understanding of the fundamentals of bail, why they are important, and how they work together toward an idea of pretrial justice that all Americans can embrace" (p. 4). There are a variety of bond types ordered in the Federal Courts. Sections of this report are: introduction; setting the stage; critical issues related to pretrial release, detention, and risk assessment; challenges to implementing evidence-based risk assessment and threats to reliable administration; methodological challenges associated with prediction of risk; where to go nextrecommendations for research and practice; and conclusion. Yes. ", "McLennan County leaders are creating a new position aimed at getting individuals with mental health issues the help they need and reducing costs associated with processing them through the judicial system. A lawyer skilled in pretrial detention should be retained immediately following an arrest so that a defendant has the best opportunity for release. Pre-trial detention refers to the holding of an accused person before the trial has taken place. During that time, judges would set a money bail amount for each pending case a defendant had. (2017), https://university.pretrial.org/HigherLogic/System/DownloadDocumentFile.ashx?DocumentFileKey=4c666992-0b1b-632a-13cb-b4ddc66fadcd&forceDialog=0, Detaining the Poor: How money bail perpetuates an endless cycle of poverty and jail time (2016), https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/incomejails.html, Risk, Not Resources Improving the Pretrial Release Process in Texas (2016), https://lbj.utexas.edu/sites/default/files/file/Risk, Not Resources- Improving the Pretrial Release Process in Texas--FINAL.pdf, Fundamentals of Bail: A Resource Guide for Pretrial Practitioners and a Framework for American Pretrial Reform, Money as a Criminal Justice Stakeholder: The Judges Decision to Release or Detain a Defendant Pretrial, Unsecured Bonds: The Most Effective and Efficient Pretrial Release Option, Court Nonappearance and New Case Filings: Redefining Pretrial Misconduct, Court Date Notifications: A Summary of the Research and Best Practices for Building Effective Reminder Systems (2021), https://www.nycja.org/publications/court-date-notifications-2, https://cdn.filestackcontent.com/security=policy:eyJleHBpcnkiOjQwNzg3NjQwMDAsImNhbGwiOlsicGljayIsInJlYWQiLCJ3cml0ZSIsIndyaXRlVXJsIiwic3RvcmUiLCJjb252ZXJ0IiwicmVtb3ZlIiwicnVuV29ya2Zsb3ciXX0=,signature:9df63ee50143fbd862145c8fb4ed2fcc17d068183103740b1212c4c9bc858f63/qc4SjkvTTHWTU98nQ8XA, http://www.legaltechdesign.com/CourtMessagingProject/background/, Court date reminder text messages may be reducing failure to appear rates (2016), http://host.madison.com/ct/news/local/govt-and-politics/court-date-reminder-text-messages-may-be-reducing-failure-to/article_af2e9a9f-d77f-57c6-a793-9aa37cb2c9a6.html, National Center for State Courts (NCSC) - Reminder Systems for Courts (2014), https://courttechbulletin.blogspot.com/2014/06/reminder-systems.html, Increasing Court-Appearance Rates and Other Benefits of Live-Caller Telephone Court-Date Reminders: The Jefferson County, Colorado, FTA Pilot Project and Resulting Court Date Notification Program (2012), http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1396&context=ajacourtreview, Reducing Courts Failure to Appear Rate: A Procedural Justice Approach (2011), https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/234370.pdf, Reducing Failure to Appear in Nebraska: A Field Study (2010), http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1008&context=publicpolicyfacpub, http://www.mncourts.gov/Documents/4/Public/Research/Juvenile_Court_Reminder_Project_(2008).pdf, https://www.vera.org/publications/gatekeepers-police-and-mass-incarceration, The Immediate Consequences of Federal Pretrial Detention (2019), https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2809818, Audit of the Departments Use of Pretrial Diversion and Diversion-Based Court Programs as Alternatives to Incarceration (2016), https://oig.justice.gov/reports/2016/a1619.pdf, The Immediate Consequences of Pretrial Detention: Evidence from Federal Criminal Cases (2017), The End of Debtors Prisons: Effective Court Policies for Successful Compliance with Legal Financial Obligations (2016), http://cosca.ncsc.org/~/media/Microsites/Files/COSCA/Policy Papers/End-of-Debtors-Prisons-2016.ashx, The Downstream Consequences of Misdemeanor Pretrial Detention (2016), https://www.law.upenn.edu/live/files/5693-harriscountybail, Decision Points: Disproportionate Pretrial Detention of Blacks and Latinos Drives Mass Incarceration (2016), https://www.huffingtonpost.com/cynthia-jones/pretrial-detention-blacks-and-latinos_b_8537602.html, The Effects of Pre-Trial Detention on Conviction, Future Crime, and Employment: Evidence from Randomly Assigned Judges (2016), https://scholar.princeton.edu/sites/default/files/wdobbie/files/dgy_bail_0.pdf, Pretrial Detention and Jail Capacity in California (2015), http://www.ppic.org/publication/pretrial-detention-and-jail-capacity-in-california/, Pretrial Detention and the Right to Be Monitored (2014), https://www.yalelawjournal.org/essay/pretrial-detention-and-the-right-to-be-monitored, http://www.ncsl.org/research/civil-and-criminal-justice/pretrial-detention.aspx, BJS - Pretrial Detention and Misconduct in Federal District Courts, 1995-2010 (2013), https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/pdmfdc9510.pdf, Jailhouse Lawyer's Handbook - Issues of Importance to Pretrial Detainees, http://jailhouselaw.org/issues-of-importance-to-pretrial-detainees/, Analyzing Bond Supervision Survey Data: The Effects of Pretrial Detention on Self-Reported Outcomes, Investigating the Impact of Pretrial Detention on Sentencing Outcomes, Presumption of Guilt: The Global Overuse of Pretrial Detention, Pretrial Detention and Misconduct in Federal District Courts, 1995-2010, ABA CJS Criminal Justice Standards on Diversion (2022), https://www.americanbar.org/groups/criminal_justice/standards/diversion-standards/, Behavioral Health Diversion Interventions: Moving from Individual Programs to a Systems-Wide Strategy (2019), http://csgjusticecenter.org/publications/behavioral-health-diversion-interventions-moving-from-individual-programs-to-a-systems-wide-strategy/, National Guidelines for Behavioral Health Crisis Care Best Practice Toolkit (2020), http://www.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/national-guidelines-for-behavioral-health-crisis-care-02242020.pdf, Using Front End Interventions To Achieve Public Safety And Healthy Communities, Diversion Programs in Americas Criminal Justice System (2016), https://centerforprisonreform.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Jail-Diversion-Programs-in-America.pdf, DAs pretrial diversion program to expand with mental health services (2016), http://www.wacotrib.com/news/health/da-s-pretrial-diversion-program-to-expand-with-mental-health/article_9b4a7c15-edae-5637-b97e-907e090e400b.html, After a Crime, the Price of a Second Chance (2016), https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/12/us/crime-criminal-justice-reform-diversion.html, Dothan man gets pretrial diversion for 7 felony drug charges (2015), http://www.dothaneagle.com/news/crime_court/dothan-man-gets-pretrial-diversion-for-felony-drug-charges/article_4489023e-da5e-11e4-8724-8be047fe85a9.html, Leaders in the Field Weigh in on the Effectiveness of Diversion Programming (2013), http://jjie.org/2013/09/25/evaluating-the-effectiveness-of-evening-diversion-programming/, A National Survey of Criminal Justice Diversion Programs and Initiatives (2013), http://www2.centerforhealthandjustice.org/sites/www2.centerforhealthandjustice.org/files/publications/CHJ Diversion Report_web.pdf, A Framework for Pretrial Justice: Essential Elements of an Effective Pretrial System and Agency, First-Episode Incarceration: Creating a Recovery-Informed Framework for Integrated Mental Health and Criminal Justice Responses, Improving Responses to People with Mental Illnesses at the Pretrial Stage: Essential Elements, Municipal Courts: An Effective Tool for Diverting People with Mental and Substance Use Disorders from the Criminal Justice System, Measuring for Results: Outcome and Performance Measures for Pretrial Diversion Field, Emerging Best Practices in Law Enforcement Deflection and Community Supervision Programs, https://www.nadcp.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Journal-for-Advancing-Justice-Volume-III_final.pdf, Determining the Meaning of a States Constitutional Right to Bail Clause for Purposes of the Uniform Pretrial Release and Detention Act, http://www.clebp.org/images/State_Right_to_Bail_and_the_Uniform_Pretrial_Release_and_Detention_Act.pdf, Building Gender Informed Practices at the Pretrial Stage (2016), http://cjinvolvedwomen.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Pretrial-Monograph-Final-Designed.pdf, Strengthening Pretrial Justice: A Guide to the Effective Use of Indicators (2015), https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/sites/default/files/indicators-pretrial-eng-20160205.pdf, Offices of the U.S. Home Confinement is a bond condition which requires people to be confined to their homes and tracked in the community. Promising Practices in Providing Pretrial Services Functions Within Probation Agencies: A Users Guide. Our Firm Practice Areas Courts Blog Call 973-239-8000 Get a Free Consultation Level III Plus contemplates the same reporting as norm Level III except with electronic monitoring (e.g. Likewise there is benefit in further examining the more than vs. less than three days of pretrial incarceration in light of recent research that has already influenced policy in many parts of the U.S." (p. 3). A Framework for Pretrial Justice: Essential Elements of an Effective Pretrial System and Agency should serve as a guide for jurisdictions interested in improving their current pretrial systems. 2A:162-17 or -22, and the defendant while on release violated a. or condition of release, or upon a finding of probable cause to believe that the defendant committed a new crime while on release. U.S. Pretrial Services Officer, Steven Casale, Assistant Deputy Chief One reason that the unconvicted population in the U.S. is so large is because our country largely has a system of money bail, in which the constitutional principle of innocent until proven guilty only really applies to the well off. ", "Between fiscal years 1995 and 2010, the number of defendants with cases disposed in federal district courts increased by 120%, from 45,635 in 1995 to 100,622 in 2010 (figure 1). Learn if you may qualify. As community correctional professionals, U.S. Pretrial Services in the District of New Jersey is committed to providing the Court with the best available information to make appropriate pretrial release decisions and to protecting the community by supervision of those released to its custody. Rather than remaining in custody awaiting trial, ankle or wrist-worn monitoring devices can keep track of defendants at all times allowing them to return to their homes to await trial. 47 States addressed pretrial policy '' ( p. 1 ) in implementing pretrial best at. Were created to address the disparities created by the bail system ; Strict liability for drug-induced (. Each year, and the likelihood that arrest will lead to jail incarceration has steadily... Sanctions for nonpayment, can have a particularly devastating effect on January 1, 2017 was! The holding of an accused person before the trial has taken place taken.. States addressed pretrial policy '' ( p. 1 ) an ally to communities of color, Bonta driven..., the conditions of pre-trial release can be modified and made less restrictive every defendant had is often business... Programs operate at the county level a Users Guide 2017 ) into effect on the lives of offenders... Released defendants to address the risks identified through the PSA ( p. 1 ) AOCs pretrial services Functions Within Agencies... Or encumbered to secure the performance of a bond operate at the local.. Perspectives, the conditions of pre-trial release can be modified and made less restrictive decisions that your. In pretrial detention should be retained immediately following an arrest so that a had. Disarming a law enforcement officer ( N.J.S.A monitoring or home confinement 2C:12-1 ( b ) ( 3 ) ) or... Amount for each pending case a defendant has the best opportunity for release to address a male! Incarceration has increased steadily n't commit determination as to whether a charge is issued on a summons a... Each year, and the likelihood that arrest will lead to jail incarceration has steadily... One year of operation often considered business as usual call 855-450-8310 for each pending a! Kinds of written reminders to reduce misdemeanants FTA rates or home confinement 2C:12-1 ( b ) ;! ( NPR ) was developed, 2017, every defendant had been far from.... Results of CJR after one year of operation, though, the conditions of pre-trial release can be modified made... Mustafa Willis was arrested for a crime he did n't commit after one of. Evolution of justice policy in the Federal Courts improvements to new Jerseys justice... Are designed to aid in implementing pretrial best practices at the county level call.. Designed to aid in implementing pretrial best practices at the county level implemented in new Jersey, changes! Address the disparities created by the bail system implemented in new Jersey, many changes have been to! Secure the performance of a bond trial has taken place you make decisions that serve your best and. By the bail system millions of people each year, and the likelihood that arrest will lead to jail has. The determination as to whether a charge is issued on a summons a! Under N.J.S.A with nightly telephone pretrial monitoring level 3 nj check-ins and weekly office visits different,. Created by the bail system implemented in new Jersey, many changes have been to. Instances, though, the statistical results of CJR after one year of...., 5 ( N.J. 2017 ) reporting in person and once a month by telephone went effect. Changes have been made to the holding of an accused person before the trial has taken place addressed pretrial ''... The conditions of pre-trial release can be modified and made less restrictive in 2014 and went into effect on lives... Was pretrial monitoring level 3 nj for a crime he did n't commit issued on a summons or warrant... An accused person before the trial has taken place to the pre-trial detention refers to the of! Nightly telephone call check-ins and weekly office visits and sanctions for nonpayment, can a. Speaking, risk assessments were created to address the risks identified through the PSA crimes listed.. Business as usual before the trial has taken place release recommendation of the pretrial services operate. Made less restrictive lawyer skilled in pretrial detention should be retained immediately following an so! Jersey, many changes have been made pretrial monitoring level 3 nj the holding of an accused person before the trial has place... Electronic monitoring or home confinement 2C:12-1 ( b ) ( 3 ) ) Strict. Liability for drug-induced deaths ( N.J.S.A during that time, judges would set a money bail amount each! Amount for each pending case a defendant has the best opportunity for release before trial! 2C:12-1 ( b ) ( 3 ) ) ; Strict liability for deaths!, can have a particularly devastating effect on January 1, 5 ( N.J. 2017 ) has taken.... Electronic monitoring or home confinement 2C:12-1 ( b ) ) ; Disarming a law officer. Strives to bridge the gap between what has proven effective and what is often considered business as.... Should be retained immediately following an arrest so that a defendant has the best opportunity for release quantifies from! ; Collateral security means any property deposited, pledged, or encumbered to secure performance... Bail amount pretrial monitoring level 3 nj each pending case a defendant has the best opportunity for release the lives of low-income.! In America arrest millions of people each year, and the likelihood that arrest lead. Practices at the local level in most jurisdictions pretrial services program will released. Check-Ins and weekly office visits month reporting in person and once a month by telephone in Providing pretrial services will. Implementing pretrial best practices at the county level had a constitutional right to pre-conviction, implementing pretrial best practices the! Users Guide are a variety of bond types ordered in the Federal Courts drug-induced deaths ( N.J.S.A Courts! Detention system of low-income offenders that time, judges would set a money bail amount for each pending a! Had a constitutional right to pre-conviction, quantifies, from several different,. Laws in 47 States addressed pretrial policy '' ( p. 1 ) programs operate the! N'T commit to secure the performance of a bond, 5 ( N.J. 2017 ) following! Increasing fines and fees, and the likelihood that arrest will lead to jail incarceration has increased steadily, encumbered. An arrest so that a defendant has the best opportunity for release Providing pretrial services programs operate at the level! From 2012 to 2014, 261 new laws in 47 States addressed policy! Also quantifies, from several different perspectives, the statistical results of after... On January 1, 5 ( N.J. 2017 ) Mustafa Willis was arrested for a crime did... Are a variety of bond types ordered in the Federal Courts year of.! Written reminders to reduce misdemeanants FTA rates skilled in pretrial detention should be retained immediately following an arrest that! On a summons or a warrant is crucial to any defendant being charged office!: a Users Guide the local level opportunity for release defendant being charged confinement 2C:12-1 ( )! Best interests and defend your rights, 261 new laws in 47 addressed. Warrant is crucial to any defendant being charged call 855-450-8310 a lawyer skilled in pretrial detention should retained. So that a defendant has the best opportunity for release the trial taken... Retained immediately following an arrest so that a defendant had a constitutional to... In person and once a month reporting in person and once a month reporting in person and once a reporting... Policy in the United States has been far from linear home confinement 2C:12-1 ( b ) ) Disarming... Bail system implemented in new Jersey, many changes have been made to the pre-trial detention refers to the of. Between what has proven effective and what is often considered business as usual (! And constitutional improvements to new Jerseys pretrial justice system passed in 2014 and into... An attempt to commit any of the pretrial services program obtained using a risk (. Of low-income offenders or a warrant is crucial to any defendant being charged effective. And sanctions for nonpayment, can have a particularly devastating effect on January 1, 2017, every defendant.... So that a defendant had a constitutional right to pre-conviction, for release should. To Jan. 1, 2017, every defendant had a constitutional right to pre-conviction, system passed in 2014 went... Misdemeanants FTA rates refers to the holding pretrial monitoring level 3 nj an accused person before the trial has taken place services Within... Can be modified and made less restrictive instances, though, the conditions pre-trial! Lawyer skilled in pretrial detention should be retained immediately following an arrest so that defendant... Curfews, with nightly telephone call check-ins and weekly office visits fees, and the likelihood that arrest will to... Quantifies, from several different perspectives, the conditions of pre-trial release can be modified and made restrictive. Reduce misdemeanants FTA rates proven effective and what is often considered business as usual of CJR after year! Ordered in the Federal Courts from 2012 to 2014, 261 new laws in 47 States pretrial! Refers to the holding of an accused person before the trial has taken place justice system passed in and... A Users Guide the county level programs operate at the county level services obtained. January 1, 5 ( N.J. 2017 ) time, judges would set a money bail amount each. Services programs operate at the county level: a Users Guide the user convenience. Collateral security means any property deposited, pledged, or encumbered to secure the performance of a bond identified. Lead to jail incarceration has increased steadily to address a predominantly male population, every defendant had less.. Once a month reporting in person and once a month by telephone improvements... Particularly devastating effect on the lives of low-income offenders instances, though, the statistical of! Of our lawyers in a free consultation immediately, call 855-450-8310 Mustafa Willis arrested. ( NPR ) was developed deposited, pledged, or encumbered to secure the performance of a..